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א וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃

The Torah presents commandments that relate to commemorating the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt on the same night that God struck down the firstborn of Egypt. The Lord spoke to Moses, saying:

ב קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֙חֶם֙ בִּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖י הֽוּא׃

Sanctify to Me every firstborn; the first issue of any womb among the children of Israel, from man and animal, is Mine. Its sanctification expresses the fact that it belongs to God.

RASHI

פטר כל רחם.שֶׁפָּתַח הָרֶחֶם תְּחִלָּה, כְּמוֹ: "פּוֹטֵר מַיִם רֵאשִׁית מָדוֹן" (משלי י"ז), וְכֵן "יַפְטִירוּ בְשָׂפָה" (תהלים כ"ב) – יִפְתְּחוּ שְׂפָתַיִם:

לי הוא.לְעַצְמִי קָנִיתִי, עַ"יְ שֶׁהִכֵּיתִי בְכוֹרֵי מִצְרַיִם:

DISCUSSION

The first issue of any womb

This phrase indicates that the first offspring of every female is categorized a firstborn, a definition that applies both to humans and animals. The Sages discuss various cases of miscarriages, stillbirths, and births by caesarian section, where it is unclear whether a subsequent birth is regarded as the first issue of a womb. In practice, this biological question is not the only consideration in determining whether a newly born person or animal is consecrated as a firstborn (see Mekhilta deRashbi 13:12; Bekhorot 19a; Rambam, Sefer Korbanot , Hilkhot Bekhorot 11:14–16).

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