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א וּמַלְכַּת־שְׁבָא שָׁמְעָה אֶת־שֵׁמַע שְׁלֹמֹה וַתָּבוֹא לְנַסּוֹת אֶת־שְׁלֹמֹה בְחִידוֹת בִּירוּשָׁלִַם בְּחַיִל כָּבֵד מְאֹד וּגְמַלִּים נֹשְׂאִים בְּשָׂמִים וְזָהָב לָרֹב וְאֶבֶן יְקָרָה וַתָּבוֹא אֶל־שְׁלֹמֹה וַתְּדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ אֵת כָּל־אֲשֶׁר הָיָה עִם־לְבָבָהּ

The queen of Sheba, a state located in southern Arabia, in the region of Yemen, or in eastern Africa, perhaps modern-day Ethiopia, heard of the renown of Solomon, that he was a great king, wiser than the rest. Perhaps she even encountered his ships making their way southward. It is possible that Sheba was always ruled by women or the queen was the heir and successor of a king with no sons. And she came from afar, not for political reasons, but to test Solomon with riddles in Jerusalem, to ask him clever questions, with a very great retinue, and camels bearing spices and gold in abundance, and precious stones. She came to Solomon and she spoke with him everything that was in her heart.

BACKGROUND

Spices and gold in abundance

The geographical location of the kingdom of Sheba was blessed with a unique ecological confluence that enabled the natural growth of myrrh and frankincense, and the kingdom of Sheba was renowned in ancient times for the cultivation and trade of perfumes. It is related in Assyrian documents dating back to the days of Sargon II, in the eighth century BCE, that the king of Sheba brought spices, horses, and camels to the king of Assyria. Similar inscriptions also exist from the reign of Sennacherib. Sheba was also a source in the gold trade (see Jeremiah 6:20; Ezekiel 27:22; Psalms 72:15).

ב וַיַּגֶּד־לָהּ שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת־כָּל־דְּבָרֶיהָ וְלֹא־נֶעְלַם דָּבָר מִשְּׁלֹמֹה אֲשֶׁר לֹא הִגִּיד לָהּ

Solomon responded to all her concerns, answering all her queries; there was no matter obscured from Solomon that he could not tell her.

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