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Joshua
Chapter 10וַיְהִי כִשְׁמֹעַ אֲדֹנִי צֶדֶק מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם כִּי לָכַד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת הָעַי וַיַּחֲרִימָהּ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לִירִיחוֹ וּלְמַלְכָּהּ כֵּן עָשָׂה לָעַי וּלְמַלְכָּהּ וכִי הִשְׁלִימוּ יֹשְׁבֵי גִבְעוֹן אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּהְיוּ בְּקִרְבָּם
It was when Adoni Tzedek king of Jerusalem
וַיִּירְאוּ מְאֹד כִּי עִיר גְּדוֹלָה גִּבְעוֹן כְּאַחַת עָרֵי הַמַּמְלָכָה וְכִי הִיא גְדוֹלָה מִן הָעַי וְכָל אֲנָשֶׁיהָ גִּבֹּרִים
they, the inhabitants of the land, feared greatly. For Givon was a great city, and its strength was recognized even beyond its own district, like one of the large royal cities, and unlike the other Givonite cities, namely Kefira, Be’erot, and Kiryat Ye’arim. And they feared because it, Givon, was greater than the Ai. All its men were valiant.
וַיִּשְׁלַח אֲדֹנִי צֶדֶק מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם אֶל הוֹהָם מֶלֶךְ חֶבְרוֹן וְאֶל פִּרְאָם מֶלֶךְ יַרְמוּת וְאֶל יָפִיעַ מֶלֶךְ לָכִישׁ וְאֶל דְּבִיר מֶלֶךְ עֶגְלוֹן לֵאמֹר
Adoni Tzedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, and to Piram king of Yarmut, and to Yafia king of Lakhish, and to Devir king of Eglon.
עֲלוּ אֵלַי וְעִזְרֻנִי וְנַכֶּה אֶת גִּבְעוֹן כִּי הִשְׁלִימָה אֶת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְאֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל
Come up to me, and help me, and let us smite Givon, because it made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel. Perhaps Adoni Tzedek sought to punish the Givonites for their surrender to Israel rather than attack Israel directly because he did not think that he could defeat them. It is also possible that by forging a covenant with Israel, the Givonites had breached earlier agreements of cooperation against invading armies.
וַיֵּאָסְפוּ וַיַּעֲלוּ חֲמֵשֶׁת מַלְכֵי הָאֱמֹרִי מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם מֶלֶךְ חֶבְרוֹן מֶלֶךְ יַרְמוּת מֶלֶךְ לָכִישׁ מֶלֶךְ עֶגְלוֹן הֵם וְכָל מַחֲנֵיהֶם וַיַּחֲנוּ עַל גִּבְעוֹן וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ עָלֶיהָ
The five kings of the Emorites, namely the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Yarmut, the king of Lakhish, and the king of Eglon, they and all their camps gathered together, and went up. They encamped against Givon, laid siege to it, and they made war against it.
וַיִּשְׁלְחוּ אַנְשֵׁי גִבְעוֹן אֶל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה הַגִּלְגָּלָה לֵאמֹר אַל תֶּרֶף יָדֶיךָ מֵעֲבָדֶיךָ עֲלֵה אֵלֵינוּ מְהֵרָה וְהוֹשִׁיעָה לָּנוּ וְעָזְרֵנוּ כִּי נִקְבְּצוּ אֵלֵינוּ כָּל מַלְכֵי הָאֱמֹרִי יֹשְׁבֵי הָהָר
In their distress, the men of Givon sent to Joshua, to the camp, to Gilgal, saying: Do not relax your hands from your servants. Do not abandon us. Come up to us quickly, and save us and help us, as all the kings of the Emorites who inhabit the highlands, these five kings, whose cities are all in the Judean hills, have gathered together against us.
וַיַּעַל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִן הַגִּלְגָּל הוּא וְכָל עַם הַמִּלְחָמָה עִמּוֹ וְכֹל גִּבּוֹרֵי הֶחָיִל
Joshua went up from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty warriors. Joshua responded to their request and set out with a large army. It is likely that he did not take all his soldiers with him, but left some behind to guard the camp of Israel.
וַיֹּאמֶר ה' אֶל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַל תִּירָא מֵהֶם כִּי בְיָדְךָ נְתַתִּים לֹא יַעֲמֹד אִישׁ מֵהֶם בְּפָנֶיךָ
The Lord said to Joshua: Do not fear them,
וַיָּבֹא אֲלֵיהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פִּתְאֹם כָּל הַלַּיְלָה עָלָה מִן הַגִּלְגָּל
Joshua came upon them suddenly; he had come up all night from Gilgal, until he reached Givon.
וַיְהֻמֵּם ה' לִפְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּכֵּם מַכָּה גְדוֹלָה בְּגִבְעוֹן וַיִּרְדְּפֵם דֶּרֶךְ מַעֲלֵה בֵית חוֹרֹן וַיַּכֵּם עַד עֲזֵקָה וְעַד מַקֵּדָה
The Lord confounded them before Israel, He wrought great confusion among them, and he, Joshua and his army, smote them with a great blow at Givon. The kings were routed at Givon. When the beaten Emorite army fled, he pursued them via the ascent of Beit Horon,
וַיְהִי בְּנֻסָם מִפְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם בְּמוֹרַד בֵּית חוֹרֹן וַה' הִשְׁלִיךְ עֲלֵיהֶם אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם עַד עֲזֵקָה וַיָּמֻתוּ רַבִּים אֲשֶׁר מֵתוּ בְּאַבְנֵי הַבָּרָד מֵאֲשֶׁר הָרְגוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בֶּחָרֶב
Joshua had chased the enemy along the ascent of Beit Horon, where they were unable or unwilling to fight back. They therefore continued their flight to a lower area, in the direction of the coast. It was as they fled from before Israel, while they were on the descent of Beit Horon, that the Lord cast great stones from the heavens
אָז יְדַבֵּר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ לַה' בְּיוֹם תֵּת ה' אֶת הָאֱמֹרִי לִפְנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר לְעֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁמֶשׁ בְּגִבְעוֹן דּוֹם; וְיָרֵחַ בְּעֵמֶק אַיָּלוֹן
The battle, which began in the morning, lasted many hours. Then Joshua spoke to the Lord on the day that the Lord delivered the Emorites before the children of Israel, as it was clear by that time that this would be a great victory for Israel; he said, before the eyes of Israel: Sun, stand still at Givon; and Moon, in the Valley of Ayalon. The Valley of Ayalon is south of Givon. Joshua expressed his request of God in the context of a song of thanks
וַיִּדֹּם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְיָרֵחַ עָמָד עַד יִקֹּם גּוֹי אֹיְבָיו הֲלֹא הִיא כְתוּבָה עַל סֵפֶר הַיָּשָׁר וַיַּעֲמֹד הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בַּחֲצִי הַשָּׁמַיִם וְלֹא אָץ לָבוֹא כְּיוֹם תָּמִים
The sun stood still, and the moon stopped. It was as though the heavenly bodies froze, as time stopped until the nation of Israel took full vengeance against their enemies. Had night fallen, the locals would have gained an advantage over Israel, as the camp of Israel was larger and thus less agile, and its soldiers were less familiar with the region. Under cover of night, the enemy would likely have escaped. Isn’t it, this song of Joshua and the miraculous stoppage of time, written in the book of Yashar? The book of Yashar was a collection of epics and songs of Israel from over the generations, which has since been lost.
וְלֹא הָיָה כַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לְפָנָיו וְאַחֲרָיו לִשְׁמֹעַ ה' בְּקוֹל אִישׁ כִּי ה' נִלְחָם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל
There was nothing like that day before it or after it, when the Lord heeded the voice of a man, when he requested that the heavenly bodies stand still;
וַיָּשָׁב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה הַגִּלְגָּלָה
After the enemy’s army was crushed, Joshua and all Israel with him returned to the camp, to Gilgal.
וַיָּנֻסוּ חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיֵּחָבְאוּ בַמְּעָרָה בְּמַקֵּדָה
The text now describes the chain of events in detail:
וַיֻּגַּד לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לֵאמֹר נִמְצְאוּ חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים נֶחְבְּאִים בַּמְּעָרָה בְּמַקֵּדָה
It was told to Joshua, saying: The five kings were found, hiding in the cave in Makeda.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ גֹּלּוּ אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת אֶל פִּי הַמְּעָרָה וְהַפְקִידוּ עָלֶיהָ אֲנָשִׁים לְשָׁמְרָם
Joshua said: Roll
וְאַתֶּם אַל תַּעֲמֹדוּ רִדְפוּ אַחֲרֵי אֹיְבֵיכֶם וְזִנַּבְתֶּם אוֹתָם אַל תִּתְּנוּם לָבוֹא אֶל עָרֵיהֶם כִּי נְתָנָם ה' אֱלֹהֵיכֶם בְּיֶדְכֶם
But you, the rest of the people, do not stand, do not linger around the kings; pursue your enemies, and attack their rear, those at the rear of their camp,
וַיְהִי כְּכַלּוֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהַכּוֹתָם מַכָּה גְדוֹלָה מְאֹד עַד תֻּמָּם וְהַשְּׂרִידִים שָׂרְדוּ מֵהֶם וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל עָרֵי הַמִּבְצָר
It was when Joshua and the children of Israel had finished smiting them a very great blow, until their virtual annihilation, that the sparse remnant
וַיָּשֻׁבוּ כָל הָעָם אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה אֶל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מַקֵּדָה בְּשָׁלוֹם לֹא חָרַץ לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְאִישׁ אֶת לְשֹׁנוֹ
All the people returned to the camp, to Joshua, near the cave in which the kings were hiding at Makeda, in peace. No one sharpened [h·] his tongue against any man of the children of Israel. None of the surviving enemy soldiers or anyone else so much as opened their mouths to stick out a tongue in protest or as a threat.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פִּתְחוּ אֶת פִּי הַמְּעָרָה וְהוֹצִיאוּ אֵלַי אֶת חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה מִן הַמְּעָרָה
Joshua said: Open the mouth of the cave, and take out to me those five kings from the cave.
וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵן וַיֹּצִיאוּ אֵלָיו אֶת חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה מִן הַמְּעָרָה אֵת מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם אֶת מֶלֶךְ חֶבְרוֹן אֶת מֶלֶךְ יַרְמוּת אֶת מֶלֶךְ לָכִישׁ אֶת מֶלֶךְ עֶגְלוֹן
They did so, and they took out to him those five kings from the cave: the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Yarmut, the king of Lakhish, the king of Eglon.
וַיְהִי כְּהוֹצִיאָם אֶת הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה אֶל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וַיִּקְרָא יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל כָּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל קְצִינֵי אַנְשֵׁי הַמִּלְחָמָה הֶהָלְכוּא אִתּוֹ קִרְבוּ שִׂימוּ אֶת רַגְלֵיכֶם עַל צַוְּארֵי הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיִּקְרְבוּ וַיָּשִׂימוּ אֶת רַגְלֵיהֶם עַל צַוְּארֵיהֶם
It was when they took those kings to Joshua that Joshua summoned all the men of Israel to gather near, and said to the officers of the men of war, the senior men of his army, who had gone with him:
וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַל תִּירְאוּ וְאַל תֵּחָתּוּ חִזְקוּ וְאִמְצוּ! כִּי כָכָה יַעֲשֶׂה ה' לְכָל אֹיְבֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם נִלְחָמִים אוֹתָם
Joshua said to them, his men: Do not fear and do not be dismayed; be strong and courageous, for so will the Lord do to all your enemies against whom you are making war.
וַיַּכֵּם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַחֲרֵי כֵן וַיְמִיתֵם וַיִּתְלֵם עַל חֲמִשָּׁה עֵצִים וַיִּהְיוּ תְּלוּיִם עַל הָעֵצִים עַד הָעָרֶב
Joshua smote them thereafter; he killed them and hanged them on five trees, and they were hanging on the trees until the evening.
וַיְהִי לְעֵת בּוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ צִוָּה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וַיֹּרִידוּם מֵעַל הָעֵצִים וַיַּשְׁלִכֻם אֶל הַמְּעָרָה אֲשֶׁר נֶחְבְּאוּ שָׁם וַיָּשִׂמוּ אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת עַל פִּי הַמְּעָרָה עַד עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה
It was at the time of the setting of the sun, and Joshua commanded, and they lowered them from on the trees, and he cast them into the cave where they had hid themselves. Just as Joshua did with the body of the king of the Ai, he did not leave the bodies of the Emorite kings hanging all night.
וְאֶת מַקֵּדָה לָכַד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וַיַּכֶּהָ לְפִי חֶרֶב וְאֶת מַלְכָּהּ הֶחֱרִם אוֹתָם וְאֶת כָּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד וַיַּעַשׂ לְמֶלֶךְ מַקֵּדָה כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְמֶלֶךְ יְרִיחוֹ
The killing of the five kings was merely one stage of a campaign that had yet to reach its end: Joshua captured Makeda on that day, and he smote it by the sword, with its king; he utterly destroyed them and every soul that was in it, not leaving a remnant, and he did to the king of Makeda as he had done to the king of Jericho. He destroyed the local leadership in Makeda. It was there that the five kings who hid were killed, and where the senior command of Israel’s army were now gathered.
וַיַּעֲבֹר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מִמַּקֵּדָה לִבְנָה וַיִּלָּחֶם עִם לִבְנָה
Joshua and all Israel with him passed from Makeda to Livna,
וַיִּתֵּן ה' גַּם אוֹתָהּ בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶת מַלְכָּהּ וַיַּכֶּהָ לְפִי חֶרֶב וְאֶת כָּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ לֹא הִשְׁאִיר בָּהּ שָׂרִיד וַיַּעַשׂ לְמַלְכָּהּ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְמֶלֶךְ יְרִיחוֹ
The Lord delivered it, too, and its king, into the hand of Israel; they smote it by the sword, and every soul that was in it, not leaving a remnant; they did to its king as they had done to the king of Jericho.
וַיַּעֲבֹר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מִלִּבְנָה לָכִישָׁה וַיִּחַן עָלֶיהָ וַיִּלָּחֶם בָּהּ
Joshua and all Israel with him passed from Livna to Lakhish, one of the cities of the Emorite alliance, and encamped against it, and made war against it.
וַיִּתֵּן ה' אֶת לָכִישׁ בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּלְכְּדָהּ בַּיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי וַיַּכֶּהָ לְפִי חֶרֶב וְאֶת כָּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְלִבְנָה
The Lord delivered Lakhish into the hand of Israel, and they captured it on the second day, and smote it by the sword, with every soul that was in it, like all they had done to Livna.
אָז עָלָה הֹרָם מֶלֶךְ גֶּזֶר לַעְזֹר אֶת לָכִישׁ וַיַּכֵּהוּ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְאֶת עַמּוֹ עַד בִּלְתִּי הִשְׁאִיר לוֹ שָׂרִיד
Then, when Joshua reached Lakhish, Horam king of Gezer
וַיַּעֲבֹר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מִלָּכִישׁ עֶגְלֹנָה וַיַּחֲנוּ עָלֶיהָ וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ עָלֶיהָ
Joshua and all Israel with him passed from Lakhish to Eglon, which was also part of the alliance of the five kings; they encamped against it and made war against it.
וַיִּלְכְּדוּהָ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וַיַּכּוּהָ לְפִי חֶרֶב וְאֵת כָּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא הֶחֱרִים כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְלָכִישׁ
They captured it on that day and smote it by the sword; every soul that was in it, he utterly destroyed on that day, like all he had done to Lakhish. As in the case of Lakhish, the verse does not mention that they killed its king, since he had already been executed by Joshua.
וַיַּעַל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מֵעֶגְלוֹנָה חֶבְרוֹנָה וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ עָלֶיהָ
Joshua and all Israel with him went up to Hebron, another member of the alliance, and they made war against it.
וַיִּלְכְּדוּהָ וַיַּכּוּהָ לְפִי חֶרֶב וְאֶת מַלְכָּהּ וְאֶת כָּל עָרֶיהָ וְאֶת כָּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְעֶגְלוֹן וַיַּחֲרֵם אוֹתָהּ וְאֶת כָּל הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ
They captured it and smote it by the sword, its king, who apparently had been crowned after his predecessor was killed by Joshua,
וַיָּשָׁב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ דְּבִרָה וַיִּלָּחֶם עָלֶיהָ
Joshua and all Israel with him returned to Devir, and he made war against it.
וַיִּלְכְּדָהּ וְאֶת מַלְכָּהּ וְאֶת כָּל עָרֶיהָ וַיַּכּוּם לְפִי חֶרֶב וַיַּחֲרִימוּ אֶת כָּל נֶפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּהּ לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְחֶבְרוֹן כֵּן עָשָׂה לִדְבִרָה וּלְמַלְכָּהּ וְכַאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְלִבְנָה וּלְמַלְכָּה
He captured it, and its king, and all its cities; he smote them by the sword, and utterly destroyed every soul therein, not leaving a remnant; just as he did to Hebron, so he did to Devir and to its king, and like he did to Livna and to its king.
וַיַּכֶּה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת כָּל הָאָרֶץ הָהָר וְהַנֶּגֶב וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה וְהָאֲשֵׁדוֹת וְאֵת כָּל מַלְכֵיהֶם לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד וְאֵת כָּל הַנְּשָׁמָה הֶחֱרִים כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה ה' אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל
Joshua smote the entire land, the highlands, the south, the lowlands, and the slopes, the estuaries,
וַיַּכֵּם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִקָּדֵשׁ בַּרְנֵעַ וְעַד עַזָּה וְאֵת כָּל אֶרֶץ גֹּשֶׁן וְעַד גִּבְעוֹן
Joshua smote them from Kadesh Barnea to Gaza, and likewise the entire land of Goshen,
וְאֵת כָּל הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה וְאֶת אַרְצָם לָכַד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פַּעַם אֶחָת כִּי ה' אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נִלְחָם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל
Joshua captured all these kings and their land at one time, because the Lord, God of Israel, made war for Israel.
וַיָּשָׁב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה הַגִּלְגָּלָה
Joshua and all Israel with him returned to the camp, to Gilgal.