הַיְינוּ דְּקָאָתוּ וְאָמְרוּ לֵיהּ: מַהוּ לְבוֹדְקוֹ; אֶלָּא אִי אָמְרַתְּ מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים, כִּי בָּדְקוּ לֵיהּ מַאי הָוֵי? וְהָא תְּנַן: בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיא שְׁתֵּי שְׂעָרוֹת – יָבִיאוּ רְאָיָה שֶׁהוּא בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים, וְהוּא הַסָּרִיס לֹא חוֹלֵץ וְלֹא מְיַבֵּם!

this is the reason that they came and said to Rabbi Akiva: What is the halakha? Is it permitted to examine the corpse? But if you say that he can sell the property from the time he is twenty years old, even if they examine him, what of it? But didn’t we learn in a mishna (Nidda 47b): With regard to a twenty- year -old man who did not develop two pubic hairs, proof must be brought that he is twenty years old, and then he is no longer considered a minor. And he is the sexually underdeveloped man, who is excluded from the mitzva of levirate marriage. Therefore, if his married brother dies childless, he neither performs ḥalitza nor enters into levirate marriage with his widow. Since a twenty-year-old is considered an adult even if he has not developed signs of puberty, there is no reason to examine the body.

לָאו אִיתְּמַר עֲלָהּ, אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק אָמַר רַב: וְהוּא שֶׁנּוֹלְדוּ בּוֹ סִימָנֵי סָרִיס? אֲמַר רָבָא: דַּיְקָא נַמִי, דְּקָתָנֵי: וְהוּא הַסָּרִיס, שְׁמַע מִינָּהּ.

The Gemara replies: Wasn’t it stated with regard to that mishna: Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak says that Rav says: And is this the halakha only where he developed the signs of a sexually underdeveloped man? Otherwise, a twenty-year-old who has not developed two pubic hairs is still considered a minor. The examination of the deceased could therefore be effective to see if he has other signs of being sexually underdeveloped. Rava said: The language of the mishna is also precise, as it teaches: And he is the sexually underdeveloped man. The usage of the definitive article indicates that the mishna is referring to one who is clearly a sexually underdeveloped man. The Gemara affirms: One can conclude from the mishna that the mishna is speaking of one who developed the signs of a sexually underdeveloped man.

וְכִי לֹא נוֹלְדוּ לוֹ סִימָנֵי סָרִיס, עַד כַּמָּה? תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא: עַד רוֹב שְׁנוֹתָיו. כִּי אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּיא, אִי כְּחִישׁ – אֲמַר לְהוּ: לִיבְרֵי, וְאִי אִבְרֵי – אֲמַר לְהוּ: לִיכְחוֹשׁ, דְּהָנֵי סִימָנֵי זִמְנִין דְּאָתוּ מֵחֲמַת כְּחִישׁוּתָא, זִמְנִין דְּאָתוּ מֵחֲמַת בְּרִיּוּתָא.

The Gemara asks: And if he did not develop the signs of a sexually underdeveloped man, until when is he considered a minor if he does not develop two pubic hairs? Rabbi Ḥiyya teaches in a baraita: He is considered a minor until most of his years have elapsed, When the case of one who had not developed pubic hair would come before Rabbi Ḥiyya, he would offer the following advice: If the person was thin, he would say to those appearing in court: Cause him to become fat, and if he was fat, he would say to them: Cause him to become thin. This is because these signs indicating puberty sometimes develop due to excessive thinness, and sometimes they develop due to corpulence.

אִיבַּעֲיָא לְהוּ: תּוֹךְ זְמָן כְּלִפְנֵי זְמָן, אוֹ כִּלְאַחַר זְמָן? (אָמַר) רָבָא אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: תּוֹךְ זְמָן כְּלִפְנֵי זְמָן; רָבָא בַּר רַב שֵׁילָא אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: תּוֹךְ זְמָן כִּלְאַחַר זְמָן.

§ A dilemma was raised before the Sages: During the time, i.e., the year, when a minor comes of age with regard to selling his deceased father’s property, i.e., during his eighteenth or twentieth year, is this year considered as before the time that he comes of age or is it considered as after the time? Does one come of age at the beginning or end of that year? Rava says that Rav Naḥman says: During that time is considered as before the time, and he does not come of age until the year has elapsed. Rava bar Rav Sheila says that Rav Naḥman says: During that time is considered as after the time, and he is considered as having come of age during that year.

וְהָא דְּרָבָא לָאו בְּפֵירוּשׁ אִיתְּמַר אֶלָּא מִכְּלָלָא אִיתְּמַר, דְּהַהוּא תּוֹךְ זְמָן דְּאָזֵיל זַבֵּין נִכְסֵי וַאֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא, אֲמַר לְהוּ: לֹא עָשָׂה וְלֹא כְלוּם; מַאן דַּחֲזָא סָבַר: מִשּׁוּם דְּתוֹךְ זְמָן כְּלִפְנֵי זְמָן, וְלָא הִיא, הָתָם שְׁטוּתָא יְתֵירְתָּא חֲזָא בֵּיהּ, דַּהֲוָה קָא מְשַׁחְרֵר לְהוּ לְעַבְדֵּיהּ.

The Gemara notes: And this statement of Rava was not stated explicitly; rather, it was stated by inference. As there was a certain person who was during the time, i.e., the year, when one comes of age who went and sold his father’s property, and the case came before Rava. Rava said to the litigants: He did not do anything, and the sale is not valid. One who observed Rava’s ruling assumed that he ruled in this manner because he maintained that during the time when he comes of age is considered as before the time. But that is not so. The reason for Rava’s ruling was that there, Rava observed excessive mental incompetence in the behavior of that individual, as he was emancipating his slaves. Since Rava saw that he was mentally incompetent, he invalidated the sale.

שְׁלַח לֵיהּ גִּידֵּל בַּר מְנַשְׁיָא לְרָבָא, יְלַמְּדֵנוּ רַבֵּינוּ: תִּינוֹקֶת בַּת אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה וְיוֹם אֶחָד יוֹדַעַת בְּטִיב מַשָּׂא וּמַתָּן, מַהוּ? שְׁלַח לֵיהּ: אִם יוֹדַעַת בְּטִיב מַשָּׂא וּמַתָּן – מִקָּחָהּ מִקָּח וּמִמְכָּרָהּ מִמְכָּר.

§ Giddel bar Menashya sent an inquiry to Rava: Let our teacher instruct us: With regard to a girl who is fourteen years and one day old who understands the nature of business negotiations, what is the halakha? Can she sell property that she inherited from her father? Rava sent a reply to Giddel bar Menashya: If she understands the nature of business negotiations her purchase is a valid purchase and her sale is a valid sale.

וְלִישְׁלַח לֵיהּ: תִּינוֹק! מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁהָיָה כָּךְ הָיָה. וְלִישְׁלַח לֵיהּ: תִּינוֹקֶת בַּת שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה וְיוֹם אֶחָד! מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁהָיָה כָּךְ הָיָה.

The Gemara asks: But Giddel could have sent this question to Rava with regard to a boy. Why did he not do so? The Gemara answers: The incident that took place, took place in this way. The Gemara asks: But he could have sent this question to Rava with regard to a girl who is twelve years and one day old, at which age a girl reaches her majority. Why did he not do so? The Gemara answers: The incident that took place, took place in this way.

וְהָא דְּרָבָא לָאו בְּפֵירוּשׁ אִיתְּמַר אֶלָּא מִכְּלָלָא אִיתְּמַר, דְּהַהוּא פָּחוֹת מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים דַּאֲזַל זַבֵּין נִכְסֵי אֲבוּהוּ, כְּגִידֵּל בַּר מְנַשְׁיָא, אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ קְרוֹבֵיה: זִיל אֱכוֹל תַּמְרֵי וּשְׁדֵי בֵּיהּ קַשְׁיָיתָא בֵּי רָבָא, עֲבַד הָכִי; אֲמַר לְהוּ: זְבִינֵיהּ לָאו זְבִינֵי.

The Gemara notes: And this statement of Rava was not stated explicitly; rather, it was stated by inference, as it was inferred from the following incident. There was a certain person who was under twenty years old and understood business negotiations who went and sold his father’s property, in accordance with the ruling that Rava sent to Giddel bar Menashya, and the case came before Rava. The seller’s relatives said to the one who sold the property: Go eat dates and throw the pits into Rava’s house, in order to prove to Rava that their relative was not mentally competent. He did so. Rava said to them: His sale is not a valid sale.

כִּי קָא כָּתְבוּ לֵיהּ שְׁטָרָא, אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ לָקוֹחוֹת, זִיל אֵימָא לֵיהּ לְרָבָא: מְגִלַּת אֶסְתֵּר בְּזוּזָא, שְׁטָרָא דְּמָר בְּזוּזָא? אֲזַל אֲמַר לֵיהּ; אֲמַר לְהוּ: זְבִינֵיהּ זְבִינֵי. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ קְרוֹבֵיהּ: לָקוֹחוֹת אַגְמַרוּהוּ! אֲמַר לְהוּ: מַסְבְּרִי לֵיהּ סָבַר, כֵּיוָן דְּמַסְבְּרִי לֵיהּ וְסָבַר – מֵידַע יָדַע, וְהַאי דַּעֲבַד הָכִי – חוּצְפָּא יְתֵירָא הוּא דַּהֲוָה בֵּיהּ.

When they were writing for him a writ containing the decision, the buyers said to the seller, in order to prove that he was mentally competent: Go and say to Rava: The scroll of Esther, which is a large scroll, is bought for a dinar. Why then does the short writ containing Master’s ruling also cost a dinar, which was the scribe’s fee? The seller went and said this to Rava. Rava said to them: His sale is a valid sale. The boy’s relatives said to Rava: The buyers taught him to say that. Rava said to them: Even so, when they explain the matter to him he understands. Since, when they explain a matter to him he understands, he knows what he is doing. And the reason that he acted in this manner, throwing the pits into Rava’s house, was because of excessive impudence that was in him, not mental incompetence.

אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: וּלְעֵדוּת – עֵדוּתוֹ עֵדוּת. אֲמַר מָר זוּטְרָא: לָא אֲמָרַן אֶלָּא לְמִטַּלְטְלֵי, אֲבָל לִמְקַרְקְעֵי לָא.

§ Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, says: And with regard to the testimony of one who is not old enough to sell property that he inherits from his father, his testimony is valid testimony. Mar Zutra said: We said that his testimony is valid only with regard to movable property, but not with regard to land.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב אַשִׁי לְמָר זוּטְרָא: מַאי שְׁנָא מִטַּלְטְלֵי? דִּזְבִינֵיהּ זְבִינֵי; אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה, הָא דִּתְנַן: הַפָּעוֹטוֹת – מִקָּחָן מִקָּח וּמִמְכָּרָן מִמְכָּר בְּמִטַּלְטְלִין, הָכִי נַמִי דְּעֵדוּתָן עֵדוּת! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָתָם בָּעֵינָא ״וְעָמְדוּ שְׁנֵי הָאֲנָשִׁים״, וְלֵיכָּא.

Rav Ashi said to Mar Zutra: In what way is movable property different from land? It is different because with regard to movable property his sale is a valid sale. But if that is so, consider that which we learned in a mishna (Gittin 59a): A purchase made by young children is a valid purchase, and a sale made by them is a valid sale. These halakhot apply to transactions involving movable property. Is it possible that also in the case of young children their testimony is valid testimony? Isn’t it an established halakha that minors are disqualified from bearing witness? Mar Zutra said to Rav Ashi: There, with regard to testimony, I require the witnesses to be men, as the verse states: “Then the two men shall stand” (Deuteronomy 19:17), and this requirement is not fulfilled in the case of young children.

אָמַר אַמֵימָר: וּמַתְּנָתוֹ מַתָּנָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב אַשִׁי לְאַמֵימָר: הָשְׁתָּא, וּמַה זְּבִינֵי דִּמְקַבֵּל זוּזֵי אָמְרַתְּ דְּלָא, דִּלְמָא מוֹזִיל וּמְזַבֵּין – כָּל שֶׁכֵּן מַתָּנָה דְּלָא מָטֵי לֵיהּ וְלָא מִידֵּי! אֲמַר לֵיהּ:

§ Ameimar says: With regard to one who is not old enough to sell property that he inherits from his father, if he gave a gift from the property, his gift is a valid gift. Rav Ashi said to Ameimar: Now, if with regard to a sale, in which he receives money, you say that the Sages instituted an ordinance that he is not authorized to sell, lest he reduce the price of the property and deplete his father’s estate, all the more so in the case of a gift he is not authorized to give a gift, as nothing at all comes into his possession in exchange. Ameimar said to Rav Ashi: