Kiddushin 82.b

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Kiddushin

Daf 82b

מַחְטָא דְּתַלְמִיּוּתָא.

Needlework for embroidery is a clean and easy trade.

RASHI

מחטא דתלמיותא מחט תלמיית ברושדיי״ר (רקמה) בלע״ז שהתפירות עשויות תלמים תלמים שורות שורות כתלמים של מחרישה:

תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי אוֹמֵר: אֵין לְךָ אוּמָּנוּת שֶׁעוֹבֶרֶת מִן הָעוֹלָם, אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁרוֹאֶה אֶת הוֹרָיו בְּאוּמָּנוּת מְעוּלָּה, אוֹי לוֹ לְמִי שֶׁרוֹאֶה אֶת הוֹרָיו בְּאוּמָּנוּת פְּגוּמָה. אִי אֶפְשָׁר לָעוֹלָם בְּלֹא בַּסָּם וּבְלֹא בּוּרְסְקִי, אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁאוּמָּנוּתוֹ בַּסָּם וְאוֹי לוֹ מִי שֶׁאוּמָּנוּתוֹ בּוּרְסְקִי. אִי אֶפְשָׁר לָעוֹלָם בְּלֹא זְכָרִים וּבְלֹא נְקֵבוֹת, אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁבָּנָיו זְכָרִים וְאוֹי לוֹ לְמִי שֶׁבָּנָיו נְקֵיבוֹת.

It is taught in the Tosefta (5:12): Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: There is no trade that disappears from the world, since all occupations are needed, but fortunate is he who sees his parents in an elevated trade; woe is he who sees his parents in a lowly trade and follows them into their trade. Similarly, it is impossible for the world to continue without a perfumer and without a tanner. Fortunate is he whose trade is as a perfumer, and woe is he whose trade is as a tanner, who works with materials that have a foul smell. Likewise, it is impossible for the world to exist without males and without females, yet fortunate is he whose children are males, and woe is he whose children are females.

RASHI

שעוברת מן העולם שבטילה מן העולם בין שהיא נקיה בין שהיא מאוסה יש בה צורך ואם לא ילמדנה זה ילמדנה אחר:

אשרי מי שרואה את הוריו יולדיו ואת ילדיו באומנות נקיה:

בשם מוכר בשמים:

רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם יְלַמֵּד אָדָם לִבְנוֹ אוּמָּנוּת נְקִיָּה וְקַלָּה, וִיבַקֵּשׁ רַחֲמִים לְמִי שֶׁהָעוֹשֶׁר וְהַנְּכָסִים שֶׁלּוֹ, שֶׁאֵין עֲנִיּוּת מִן הָאוּמָּנוּת וְאֵין עֲשִׁירוּת מִן הָאוּמָּנוּת, אֶלָּא לְמִי שֶׁהָעוֹשֶׁר שֶׁלּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לִי הַכֶּסֶף וְלִי הַזָּהָב נְאֻם ה׳ צְבָאוֹת״.

Rabbi Meir says: A person should always teach his son a clean and easy trade, and he should request compassion from the One to Whom wealth and property belong, as poverty does not come from a trade, nor does wealth come from a trade; rather, they come from the One to Whom wealth belongs, as it is stated: “Mine is the silver, and Mine the gold, says the Lord of hosts” (Haggai 2:8).

״רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר אִם רָאִיתָ מִיָּמֶיךָ״. תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: מִיָּמַי לֹא רָאִיתִי צְבִי קַיָּיץ, וַאֲרִי סַבָּל, וְשׁוּעָל חֶנְוָנִי – וְהֵם מִתְפַּרְנְסִים שֶׁלֹּא בְּצַעַר. וְהֵם לֹא נִבְרְאוּ אֶלָּא לְשַׁמְּשֵׁנִי, וַאֲנִי נִבְרֵאתִי לְשַׁמֵּשׁ אֶת קוֹנִי. מָה אֵלּוּ שֶׁלֹּא נִבְרְאוּ אֶלָּא לְשַׁמְּשֵׁנִי – מִתְפַּרְנְסִים שֶׁלֹּא בְּצַעַר, וַאֲנִי שֶׁנִּבְרֵאתִי לְשַׁמֵּשׁ אֶת קוֹנִי – אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁאֶתְפַּרְנֵס שֶׁלֹּא בְּצַעַר? אֶלָּא שֶׁהֲרֵעוֹתִי אֶת מַעֲשַׂי וְקִיפַּחְתִּי אֶת פַּרְנָסָתִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״עֲו‍ֹנוֹתֵיכֶם הִטּוּ״.

The mishna taught that Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: Have you ever seen a beast or a bird that has a trade? It is taught in the Tosefta (5:13): Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: I never saw a deer work as one who dries figs, nor a lion work as a porter, nor a fox work as a storekeeper. And yet they earn their livelihood without anguish. But all these were created only to serve me, and I, a human being, was created to serve the One Who formed me. If these, who were created only to serve me, earn their livelihood without anguish, then is it not right that I, who was created to serve the One Who formed me, should earn my livelihood without anguish? But I, i.e., humanity, have committed evil actions and have lost my livelihood, as it is stated: “Your iniquities have turned away these things, and your sins have held back good from you” (Jeremiah 5:25).

RASHI

צבי קייץ מייבש קציעות בשדה:

סבל נושא משאות:

״רַבִּי נְהוֹרַאי אוֹמֵר מַנִּיחַ אֲנִי כָּל אוּמָּנוּת״ וכו׳. תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי נְהוֹרַאי אוֹמֵר: מַנִּיחַ אֲנִי כָּל אוּמָּנוּת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם וְאֵינִי מְלַמֵּד אֶת בְּנִי אֶלָּא תּוֹרָה, שֶׁכָּל אוּמָּנוּת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אֵין עוֹמֶדֶת לוֹ אֶלָּא בִּימֵי יַלְדוּתוֹ, אֲבָל בִּימֵי זִקְנוּתוֹ הֲרֵי הוּא מוּטָּל בָּרָעָב. אֲבָל תּוֹרָה אֵינָהּ כֵּן, עוֹמֶדֶת לוֹ לְאָדָם בְּעֵת יַלְדוּתוֹ, וְנוֹתֶנֶת לוֹ אַחֲרִית וְתִקְוָה בְּעֵת זִקְנוּתוֹ. בְּעֵת יַלְדוּתוֹ מַהוּ אוֹמֵר? ״וְקוֹיֵ ה׳ יַחֲלִיפוּ כֹחַ יַעֲלוּ אֵבֶר כַּנְּשָׁרִים״, בְּזִקְנוּתוֹ מַהוּ אוֹמֵר? ״עוֹד יְנוּבוּן בְּשֵׂיבָה דְּשֵׁנִים וְרַעֲנַנִּים יִהְיוּ״. הדרן עלך עשרה יוחסין וסליקא לה מסכת קידושין

The mishna taught that Rabbi Nehorai says: I set aside all the trades and I teach my son only Torah. It is taught in the Tosefta (5:14): Rabbi Nehorai says: I set aside all the trades in the world, and I teach my son only Torah, as all other trades serve one only in the days of his youth, when he has enough strength to work, but in the days of his old age, behold, he is left to lie in hunger. But Torah is not like this: It serves a person in the time of his youth and provides him with a future and hope in the time of his old age. With regard to the time of his youth, what does it say about a Torah scholar? “But they that wait for the Lord shall renew their strength” (Isaiah 40:31). With regard to the time of his old age, what does it say? “They shall still bring forth fruit in old age, they shall be full of sap and richness” (Psalms 92:15).

RASHI

כל אומניות אין להן מתן שכר לאחר זמן אלא שכר המצוי להם בשעתן אבל תורה מתן שכרה בא מאליו לאורך ימים ואף לחולה ולזקן שאינו יכול לעסוק בה עכשיו אוכל מן הקודמות:

שנאמר עוד ינובון בשיבה יצמחו צמח ויתייחד שכרן לעת שיבתן דשנים ורעננים יהיו וגו׳:

SUMMARY

Ten types of lineage are listed in the beginning of the chapter, each of which entails restrictions concerning whom one with this lineage may marry. Other special cases are High Priests; Egyptian, Edomite, and Ammonite converts; and those disqualified from marrying due to having mutilated genitals. The Gemara concludes with regard to those who may not marry into the congregation due to a definite flaw in lineage that they may nevertheless marry into each other’s families. Those whose lineage is of uncertain status, such as a shetuki and a foundling, may not marry those whose lineage is definitely flawed. With regard to members of the priesthood with flaws specific to the priesthood, i.e., ḥalalim, the status of their children is determined by the status of the father. Converts are not considered to be part of the congregation of the Lord with regard to marriage, and may marry even those with flawed lineage. A female convert may not marry a priest, but the child of a convert and a born Jew may marry a priest ab initio. The general presumption is that all Jewish families are of unflawed lineage. If there is a particular family about whom an uncertainty has arisen as to their lineage, one must investigate the lineage of the preceding four or five generations of the family, or until one discovers a member of the family that was otherwise confirmed to be of unflawed lineage, before marrying a member of that family. The working assumption is that young children who cling to a woman are her children, and if she is of unflawed lineage, they are assumed to be of unflawed lineage as well. The prohibition against a man being secluded with a woman whom he is prohibited from marrying is alluded to in the Torah. The Sages later instituted an ordinance that a man may not be secluded with an unmarried woman or with a gentile woman. It is permitted for a man to be secluded with his mother or daughter, or with his wife even if she is currently forbidden to him as the result of her status as a menstruating woman. It is likewise permitted to be secluded with a person of the same gender or with an animal. Two men may be secluded with one woman, but if they are known to be steeped in sexual immorality it is prohibited. Many women may not be secluded with one man. If there is a door open from a room to the public domain, those inside the room are not considered to be secluded. Those men whose professions bring them in close, constant contact with women must take additional precautions not to be secluded with them. The Sages recommended that one learn a trade that will allow him time for Torah study and will not tempt him to transgress any prohibitions, specifically those involving theft and forbidden sexual intercourse. One whose main occupation is Torah study is protected from all evil and will inherit the World-to-Come.