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Menachot

Daf 100a

כִּי מָטֵי לֵילְיָא דְּבֵי שִׁימְשֵׁי – לִיקְדּוֹשׁ וְלִיפְסוֹל! אָמַר רָבָא: בְּשֶׁקָּדַם וְסִילֵּק.

if a rite performed during the night preceding its appointed time is not considered a rite whose time has not yet arrived, then when the night arrives, i.e., the twilight of Shabbat eve, the arrangement of loaves remaining on the Table should be consecrated and subsequently disqualified by being left overnight. Rava says: The mishna is referring to a case where the priest removed the shewbread from the Table before nightfall on Shabbat eve in order to prevent its consecration, and arranged it again the following day.

RASHI

כי מטי ליליא דבי שימשי של שבת ראשונה ליקדוש דהא אמרת לילה אין מחוסר זמן וליפסול בליל ששי [של שבת שני] בלינה שהרי עומד שם שמונה ימים שלימים:

בשקדם וסילקו קודם בין השמשות של שבת ראשונה וסידר למחר:

מָר זוּטְרָא, וְאִיתֵימָא רַב אַשִׁי אֲמַר: אֲפִילּוּ תֵּימָא בְּשֶׁלֹּא קָדַם וְסִילֵּק, כֵּיוָן דְּסִידְּרוֹ שֶׁלֹּא כְּמִצְוָתוֹ – נַעֲשָׂה כְּמִי שֶׁסִּדְּרוֹ הַקּוֹף.

Mar Zutra, and some say Rav Ashi, said: Even if you say the mishna is referring to a case where one did not remove the shewbread before nightfall, the loaves are not consecrated by the Table. Since the priest arranged the shewbread at a time that was not in accordance with the procedure dictated by its mitzva, it is considered as though a monkey had arranged the shewbread, and it is not consecrated by the Table.

RASHI

שלא כמצותו דסידרו בעודו מחוסר זמן:

נעשה כמי שסידרו הקוף ואין שולחן מקדשו אפילו בזמנו אבל קומץ כמצותו חשיבא ליה דלילה אין מחוסר זמן:

TOSAFOT

כמי שסידרו הקוף הא דאמרינן בסוף לולב וערבה (סוכה דף נ.) דלא היה ממלא במקודשת משום פסול לינה ולא אמרינן דנעשה כמי שמלאהו הקוף שאני התם דלא בעי כהן בבגדי כהונה במילוי:

מתני׳ שְׁתֵּי הַלֶּחֶם נֶאֱכָלוֹת אֵין פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁנַיִם וְלֹא יוֹתֵר עַל שְׁלֹשָׁה. כֵּיצַד? נֶאֱפוֹת מֵעֶרֶב יוֹם טוֹב – נֶאֱכָלוֹת בְּיוֹם טוֹב לִשְׁנַיִם. חָל יוֹם טוֹב לִהְיוֹת אַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת – נֶאֱכָלוֹת לִשְׁלֹשָׁה.

The two loaves that are brought on Shavuot are eaten by the priests no less than two days and no more than three days after they were baked. How so? They are generally baked on the eve of the festival of Shavuot and they are eaten on the day of the Festival, which is on the second day. If the Festival occurs after Shabbat, on Sunday, the loaves are baked on Friday, in which case they are eaten on the third day.

RASHI

מתני׳ לא פחות משני ימים משנאפו:

לג׳ שאפאום בערב שבת שאין אפייתן דוחה לא שבת ולא יו״ט:

לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים נֶאֱכָל אֵין פָּחוֹת מִתִּשְׁעָה וְלֹא יוֹתֵר עַל אַחַד עָשָׂר. כֵּיצַד? נֶאֱפֶה מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת – וְנֶאֱכָל בַּשַּׁבָּת לְתִשְׁעָה. חָל יוֹם טוֹב לִהְיוֹת עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת – נֶאֱכָל לַעֲשָׂרָה.

The shewbread is eaten no less than nine days and no more than eleven days after it is baked. How so? It is generally baked on Shabbat eve and eaten on the following Shabbat, which is on the ninth day. If a Festival occurs on Shabbat eve the shewbread is baked on the eve of the Festival, on Thursday, in which case it is eaten on the tenth day.

RASHI

לתשעה לשבת שניה:

נאכלות לעשרה שנאפה בחמישי בשבת:

שְׁנֵי יָמִים [טוֹבִים] שֶׁל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה – נֶאֱכָל לְאַחַד עָשָׂר. וְאֵינוֹ דּוֹחֶה לֹא אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת וְלֹא אֶת יוֹם טוֹב. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן הַסְּגָן: דּוֹחֶה אֶת יוֹם טוֹב, וְאֵינוֹ דּוֹחֶה אֶת יוֹם צוֹם.

If the two festival days of Rosh HaShana occur on Thursday and Friday, the shewbread is baked on Wednesday, in which case it is eaten on the eleventh day. And this is because the preparation of the two loaves and the shewbread overrides neither Shabbat nor a Festival. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says in the name of Rabbi Shimon, son of the deputy High Priest: overrides a Festival but does not override the fast day of Yom Kippur.

RASHI

שני ימים טובים של ר״ה קודם לשבת נאפה בארבע ונאכלת לשבת שניה לאחד עשר ואי קשיא י״ב נינהו דהא אין נאכלות עד מוצאי שבת דאותו שבת הוי יום הכפורים הא לא קשיא דלענין אכילת קדשים לילה הולך אחר היום שעבר כדאמר באותו ואת בנו (חולין דף פג.) הילכך מיתקרי י״א:

ואין דוחה אפייתן:

את יום צום חל יום הכפורים בערב שבת אין לחם הפנים נאפה בו:

TOSAFOT

שני ימים טובים של ראש השנה קודם לשבת נאפה ברביעי ונאכל לשבת שניה לאחד עשר ואי קשיא שנים עשר נינהו דהא אין נאכלות עד מוצאי שבת דבאותה שבת הוי יום הכפורים הא לא קשיא דלענין אכילת קדשים לילה הולכת אחר היום שעבר כדאמר באותו ואת בנו (חולין דף פג.) הילכך מיקרי אחד עשר כך פירש בקונטרס ונראה דלא קשיא מידי דאם באו עדים מן המנחה ולמעלה דנוהגין אותו היום קודש ולמחר קודש (ר״ה דף ל:) יום שני עיקר ומנינן מיניה יוה״כ ויחול אחר השבת ודנוהגין אותו היום קודש חומרא בעלמא דלא ליזלזלו ביה לשנה הבאה ואם קודם מנחה באו עדים לא עבדינן אלא חד יומא ומחרתו דהוא ערב שבת חול אע״פ שכבר אפו לחם הפנים מערב יו״ט חוזרין ועושין אחרים לקיים לחם חום כמו שנוכל יותר וראשון נאכל בפדיון ואע״פ דאמר בפרק המנחות והנסכים (לקמן מנחות דף קא.) כל הראוי למזבח אינו יוצא מידי מזבח לעולם היכא דאיכא תקנה לא אמר משום לחם חום ביום הלקחו כדאמרי׳ בפרק התכלת (לעיל מנחות דף מז:) גבי שני כבשים ששחטן על ארבע חלות ותודה ששחטה על שמונים חלות ומיהו קשה היכי חייל יום הכפורים באחד בשבת הא משמע בפרק החליל (סוכה דף נד:) דלא מיקלע באחד בשבת אלא לאחרים שעושין לעולם אחד מלא ואחד חסר ומשנה זו שנויה בפ״ב דערכין (דף ח:) וקתני רישא אין פוחתין מששה חדשים המעוברין בשנה ולא נראה לעבר יותר על שמנה ומשמע התם דאתיא דלא כאחרים:

ואינו דוחה את יום צום בפרק אלו עוברין (פסחים דף מז.) פריך מהכא דשתי הלחם למאן דאמר מדאורייתא צורכי שבת נעשין ביו״ט דהכא קתני ואפילו דיו״ט ביו״ט לא עבדי ומשני שאני התם דאמר קרא לכם ולא לגבוה ולרשב״ג דאמר משום ר״ש בן הסגן דוחה את יו״ט ואינו דוחה את יום צום מא״ל ס״ל כאבא שאול ומוחק שם בקונטרס יום צום (משמע) [משום] דלא שייך יום צום גבי שתי הלחם ובחנם מחקו דמילתא דרשב״ג מיתניא בתר הנך תרתי בבי דשתי הלחם ולחם הפנים ואתרוייהו פליג רשב״ג ונקט יום צום משום לחם הפנים:

גמ׳ אֲמַר רָבִינָא: לְדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמֵר נְדָרִים וּנְדָבוֹת אֵין קְרֵיבִין בְּיוֹם טוֹב, לָא תֵּימָא מִדְּאוֹרַיְיתָא מִיחֲזָא חֲזוּ, וְרַבָּנַן הוּא דְּגָזְרוּ שֶׁלֹּא יַשְׁהֶא, אֶלָּא מִדְּאוֹרַיְיתָא נַמִי לָא חֲזוּ,

Ravina said: According to the statement of the one who says vow offerings and voluntary offerings may not be sacrificed on a Festival, do not say they are fit to be sacrificed on a Festival by Torah law and it is the Sages who decreed they may not be sacrificed. The Sages might have issued such a decree so that one would not delay sacrificing his offerings until he ascends to Jerusalem for the Festival. Rather, vow offerings and voluntary offerings are unfit to be sacrificed on a Festival also by Torah law.

RASHI

גמ׳ לדברי האומר במסכת ביצה (דף יט.) מחלוקת:

שמא ישהא קרבנות כל השנה שיהא נודר ונודב ולא יקריבם עד הרגל ונמצא מכוין וממתין מלאכה עד המועד ועוד שמא יעבור בבל תאחר:

דְּהָא שְׁתֵּי הַלֶּחֶם דְּחוֹבַת הַיּוֹם הוּא, וְלֵיכָּא לְמֵימַר שֶׁמָּא יַשְׁהֶא. וְקָתָנֵי: אֵינוֹ דּוֹחֶה לֹא אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת וְלֹא אֶת יוֹם טוֹב. הדרן עלך שתי הלחם

Ravina explains this may be inferred from the mishna, as the offering of the two loaves is an obligation of the day of Shavuot. It is therefore not possible to say that the Sages decreed they may not be prepared on the Festival lest one delay bringing them. And yet the mishna teaches that baking and preparing the two loaves overrides neither Shabbat nor a Festival. All the more so that vow offerings and voluntary offerings, which do not need to be sacrificed specifically on a Festival, may not be sacrificed on a Festival by Torah law.

RASHI

וליכא שמא ישהא שהרי אין יכול להקריבם אלא בו ביום:

SUMMARY

Both the two loaves of Shavuot and the twelve loaves of the shewbread were kneaded one at a time, but they were baked in different ways: The shewbread loaves were baked two at a time, whereas the two loaves were baked one by one. As for the shape of the shewbread, this is a matter of dispute among the Sages. Some say it was like a box that is open on two sides, while others maintain it was like a triangular-shaped boat with a narrow base from which two walls rise at angles. There were three molds for the shewbread, one for the stage after kneading when it was still dough, a second for the oven, and a third for after its removal from the oven. The shewbread and the two loaves included hornlike protrusions of dough attached to each of the corners of the loaves. The shewbread Table had four gold panels, which were positioned on either side of the two arrangements of shewbread in order to support the loaves so that they would not fall and break. These panels branched out at five levels above the table. The rods, upon which the loaves were placed, fit into the notches that were on the panels. Each loaf was placed on three rods, two on each side and one in the middle, except for the uppermost loaf, which was placed on only two rods, and the lowest loaf, which did not require rods as it was placed directly on the Table. The rods served to ensure that there was a space between the loaves so that they would not become moldy. Another issue about which there is a dispute among the Sages concerns the place where the two loaves and the shewbread were kneaded, placed in the molds, and baked. Some maintain they were kneaded and formed outside the Temple courtyard but baked inside the Temple courtyard, others maintain that all the procedures were performed with a service vessel and therefore had to be performed inside the Temple courtyard, while yet others rule that it is permitted to bake them inside or outside the courtyard. By contrast, the kneading and forming of the High Priest’s griddle-cake offering and all other meal offerings were performed inside the Temple courtyard. Concerning the permissibility of kneading and baking the two loaves and the shewbread on Shabbat, this is subject to a dispute between the Sages as to whether these procedures must be performed with a service vessel or whether they may be performed with a non-sacred vessel. According to the opinion that one uses a non-sacred vessel, these actions can be performed the day before, as the shewbread will not be disqualified by being left overnight. Therefore, performing these actions does not override Shabbat. Conversely, according to the opinion that a service vessel must be used, the shewbread cannot be kneaded and baked the day before, and consequently these actions override Shabbat. The Gemara explained how the requirement: “And you shall set upon the Table shewbread before Me always” (Exodus 25:30), was fulfilled when the Jewish people traveled in the wilderness. While the shewbread was set on the Table it was not disqualified during the journey, but it was disqualified if it was removed from the Table. There is also an opinion that even if the loaves were not on the Table during the journey they were not thereby disqualified. With regard to traveling at night, the Gemara concluded that if the cloud rose above the Tabernacle the people would not wait until morning but would begin the journey immediately. The Gemara taught that in addition to the Table and Candelabrum of Moses, there were ten extra tables and ten extra candelabra in the Sanctuary of the First Temple, built by King Solomon. The ten tables were positioned in the inner part of the Sanctuary, in two rows, while the Table of Moses was placed slightly farther inward, to the west, in the space corresponding to the space between the two rows of Solomon’s tables. All the tables were in the north, while all the candelabra were in the south.

INTRO

And if it be any impure animal, of which they may not bring an offering to the Lord, then he shall set the animal before the priest. And the priest shall value it, whether it be good or bad; as you the priest values it, so shall it be…And if it be of an impure animal, then he shall redeem it according to your valuation, and shall add to it the fifth part thereof; or if it not be redeemed, then it shall be sold according to your valuation. (Leviticus 27:11–12, 27)

This chapter discusses a number of issues related to meal offerings and libations, beginning with the issue of redemption. The Torah states that a consecrated animal that is disqualified because it is not kosher, or because it developed a blemish, is redeemed with money. The animal then becomes non-sacred, while the sanctity is transferred to the money. In this chapter, the Talmud discusses whether redemption is effective for disqualified meal offerings and libations as well as for other types of consecrated items that were rendered impure or are no longer usable for their original purpose, such as birds that were consecrated as offerings, wood that was consecrated for the altar, frankincense that was consecrated, or service vessels. Another issue discussed in this chapter is the halakha in a case where one vowed to bring a certain type of meal offering and then brought a different offering. This question arises in a number of different situations, such as where he vows to bring a meal offering prepared in a shallow pan but then brings a deep-pan meal offering, or when he designates some fine flour as a meal offering prepared in a shallow pan but then brings it as a deep-pan meal offering, or where he vows to bring two tenths of an ephah in two vessels and instead he brings them in one vessel, or vice versa. A related issue discussed in the Gemara is the status of a vow to bring a meal offering from foods that are not fit for this purpose, such as barley or lentils. Following these discussions, the chapter explores the halakhot of a meal offering brought with libations, and the status of one who pledges wine or oil as an independent offering. In addition, it discusses the amounts one can bring as a voluntary libation or meal offering. Finally, it discusses whether voluntary meal offerings can be brought in partnership with another person.

מתני׳ הַמְּנָחוֹת וְהַנְּסָכִים שֶׁנִּטְמְאוּ, עַד שֶׁלֹּא קָדְשׁוּ בַּכְּלִי – יֵשׁ לָהֶם פִּדְיוֹן, מִשֶּׁקִּידְּשׁוּ בַּכְּלִי – אֵין לָהֶם פִּדְיוֹן.

With regard to the fine flour for meal offerings or the wine for libations that became ritually impure, as long as they have not yet been consecrated in a service vessel and assumed inherent sanctity, their redemption is possible. Once they have been consecrated in a service vessel and have assumed inherent sanctity, their redemption is no longer possible,

הָעוֹפוֹת וְהָעֵצִים וְהַלְּבוֹנָה וּכְלֵי שָׁרֵת מִשֶּׁנִּטְמְאוּ – אֵין לָהֶן פִּדְיוֹן, שֶׁלֹּא נֶאֱמַר פִּדְיוֹן אֶלָּא בַּבְּהֵמָה.

With regard to consecrated birds, wood for the altar, frankincense, and service vessels, once they became ritually impure they have no possibility of redemption, as redemption of items consecrated for the altar was stated only with regard to a consecrated animal that developed a blemish, not with regard to other consecrated items.

RASHI

מתני׳ המנחות והנסכים עד שלא קדשו בכלי לא קדשו קדושת הגוף אלא קדושת דמים שצריך לפדותן והדמים קדושים:

TOSAFOT

מתני׳ המנחות והנסכים שנטמאו בגמרא פליגי אי נטמאו דוקא או אפילו טהורין:

גמ׳ אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: וַאֲפִילּוּ הֵן טְהוֹרִין – נִפְדִּין. מַאי טַעֲמָא? כַּמָּה דְּלָא קָדְשִׁי בַּכְּלִי – קְדוּשַּׁת דָּמִים נִינְהוּ, וּקְדוּשַּׁת דָּמִים נִפְדִּין.

According to the mishna, impure meal offerings and libations may be redeemed as long as they have not yet been placed in a service vessel. Shmuel says: Even if they are ritually pure, they also may be redeemed. What is the reason for this? As long as they have not been consecrated in a service vessel, they possess sanctity that inheres only in their value, and items whose sanctity inheres only in their value may be redeemed.

RASHI

והעופות והעצים והלבונה וכלי שרת שנטמאו אין להם פדיון שלא נאמר פדיון בקדושת הגוף אלא בבהמה בעלת מום כדמפרש בגמרא:

TOSAFOT

העופות בשקדם הקדישן למומן מיירי אבל קדם מומן להקדישן נפדין כדתניא בתוספתא ובפרק בתרא דתמורה (דף לג.) דתני לוי הכל היו בכלל העמדה והערכה ואפילו בעל מום מעיקרו וכן תני לוי במתניתיה אפילו חיה ואפילו עופות:

וכלי שרת לרבי נחמיה דאמר פרק הנהנה (מעילה דף יט:) דיש מועל אחר מועל דאם אחרים מביאין לידי מעילה הוא עצמו לא כל שכן ניחא דאין להם פדיון ואשכחן לרבנן נמי דאין מועל אחר מועל דמדרבנן אין נפדין ובגמרא משמע נמי דהוי דרבנן בעלמא דמפרש כלי שרת ולבונה משום דלא שכיחי:

וְהָא ״נִטְמְאוּ״ תְּנַן! הוּא הַדִּין דְּאַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא נִטְמְאוּ, וְאַיְּידֵי דְּקָא בָּעֵי מִיתְנָא סֵיפָא ״מִשֶּׁקִּידְּשׁוּ בַּכְּלִי אֵין לָהֶן פִּדְיוֹן״, דַּאֲפִילּוּ נִטְמְאוּ נַמִי לָא, תָּנָא נַמִי רֵישָׁא ״שֶׁנִּטְמְאוּ עַד שֶׁלֹּא קָדְשׁוּ בַּכְּלִי״.

The Gemara asks: But didn’t we learn in the mishna: The meal offerings and libations that became ritually impure are redeemed? The Gemara answers: The same is true even if they had not become ritually impure. And the tanna mentions a case where they became ritually impure since he wants to teach the latter clause, which states: Once they were consecrated in a service vessel and have assumed inherent sanctity, they have no possibility of redemption, meaning that even when they became ritually impure and are disqualified from use as an offering, they still have no possibility of redemption. Therefore, the tanna also taught the first clause: That became ritually impure before they were consecrated in a service vessel.

RASHI

גמ׳ ואפילו טהורים נפדין מנחות ונסכים:

פְּשִׁיטָא, קְדוּשַּׁת הַגּוּף נִינְהוּ!

With regard to flour or oil that has been consecrated in a service vessel, the Gemara asks: Isn’t it obvious that they are not redeemed, as they are consecrated with inherent sanctity?

אִיצְטְרִיךְ, סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ אָמִינָא: הוֹאִיל וּבַעַל מוּם אִיקְרֵי ״טָמֵא״, טָמֵא נַמִי – כְּבַעַל מוּם דָּמֵי, וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּקָדוֹשׁ קְדוּשַּׁת הַגּוּף – כִּי נָפֵיל בֵּיהּ מוּם מִיפְרִיק, הָנֵי נַמִי לִיפְרוּק, קָמַשְׁמַע לָן, דְּלָאו כִּי הַאי ״טָמֵא״ קָרְיֵיהּ רַחֲמָנָא לְבַעַל מוּם,

The Gemara answers: It was necessary to state that items consecrated in a service vessel cannot be redeemed, as it may enter your mind to say: Since a blemished animal is called impure, as the Gemara will explain shortly, this analogy could be reversed and an impure animal could also have a status similar to that of a blemished animal. And just as in the case of a blemished animal, even though it is consecrated with inherent sanctity, when it develops a blemish it is redeemed, so too these impure items discussed in the mishna may also be redeemed despite their possessing inherent sanctity. Therefore, the tanna teaches us that it is not in this context that the Merciful One called a blemished animal “impure.”